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    海上貨物運輸合同下大宗散貨短量責任|散裂進化法哲學應用系列之一(上)
    瀏覽量:1801 上傳更新:2019-11-09

    任雁冰

    摘要     

    關于提單項下大宗散貨短量責任,根據我國法律、國際條約及國際規則、行政法規和規章、司法規則、案例規則及英國法等,可歸納出十三個問題,以盡量全面、客觀地描述和總結當前的實際情況,系統地呈現出這類爭議的“實然法”,而不是“應然法”,但希望能對將來的規則酌定和案件處理有所啟發。

     

    然而,在此問題上,當前“實然法”卻充滿著矛盾。這應屬裁判規則最為混亂的常規海事法律問題之一。需指出,當前“實然法”,并非憑空產生,而是從之前的法律實踐歷程中演變而來。同理,當前“實然法”也必然會繼續演進,從而產生未來的“實然法”。這種演進過程,本質上則是不同法律意志之間相互激蕩而形成的動態戰局。

    問題一:貨物短量在千分之五(散裝固體貨物)或者千分之二等(散裝液體貨物)以內的,承運人是否應承擔賠償責任?

    我國現有判例存在兩種不同認定。

    問題二:貨物短量超過千分之五(散裝固體貨物)或者千分之二等(散裝液體貨物)的,計算損失時是否應相應扣減千分之五或千分之二等?

    我國現有判例存在兩種不同認定。

    問題三:是否存在承運人對短量千分之五或者千分之二等免責的國際慣例或國際貿易慣例或行業慣例?如何證明?

    我國現有判例存在兩種不同認定。

    問題四:散裝液體貨物卸貨港實測密度與船方適用的裝貨港貨物密度表密度不一致時,是否應采用卸貨港實測密度來確定貨物短量?

    我國現有判例存在不同認定。

    問題五:散裝固體貨物短量應以提單數量減去卸貨港水尺數量,還是以裝貨港水尺數量減去卸貨港水尺數量?

    我國現有判例存在不同認定。

    問題六:散裝固體貨物的裝貨港水尺數或者散裝液體貨物的船艙空距數低于簽發的提單數時,是否認定船方簽發提單的行為存在過錯,或者說,是否認定船方對此部分短量負責?

    我國現有判例存在不同認定。

    問題七:貨物短量發生的責任期間,我國現有判例認定較為一致。

    問題八:對于散裝液體貨物,流量計計重、船艙空距計重及岸罐計重以何者為準的問題,我國現有判例認定較為一致。與此類似,對于散裝固體貨物,水尺計重和地磅計重以何者為準的問題,我國現有判例認定較為一致。

    但也存在一定問題,比如,裝、卸兩港是否應采用同一種計量方式,我國現有判例存在不同認定。同時,參照英國法,此問題也有一些疑問。

    問題九:散裝固體貨物發生短量的,是否應扣減水分揮發造成的短少?

    我國現有判例中未發現允許扣減者。

    問題十:濕性貨物運輸中,是以“干噸”還是“濕噸”作為貨物短量的依據?

    我國現有判例認為,對此應結合具體案件各方當事人舉證情況綜合認定。

    問題十一:散裝固體貨物發生短量在千分之五以內的,是否可以參考承運船舶的載重線等多種因素,以綜合查明此種短量是誤差,還是真正短少?

    我國現有一宗案例認為不能。此問題有待進一步探討。

    問題十二:在確定船舶在卸貨港交貨數量時,怎樣考量船舶經驗系數(Vessel’s Experience Factor, VEF)?

    我國現有案例存在不同認定,但相關辨析均較為粗略。

    問題十三:承運人對于貨差能否免責的舉證問題,我國現有判例對于舉證責任應由承運人承擔,認定較為一致;但對于承運人應舉證至何種程度,我國現有判例的認定仍有差異。

     

    這十三個問題對應的“實然法”體現在下列法律規范系統中。

     

    (一)我國法律【全國人大及其常委會(立法機關)的法律意志】

    1、海商法律:《海商法》

    2、行政法律:《進出口商品檢驗法》

     

    (二)國際法【成員國共同的法律意志】

    1、對我國生效的國際條約:《1974年國際海上人命安全公約》(SOLAS)

    2、對我國生效的國際規則之一:SOLAS附件之一:國際谷物規則(International Grain Code)

    3、對我國生效的國際規則之二:SOLAS附件之二:國際海運固體散貨規則(IMSBC)

    4、對我國生效的國際規則之三:SOLAS附件之三:國際海運危險貨物規則(IMDG)

    5、未對我國生效的國際條約之一:United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea(2008年鹿特丹規則)

    6、未對我國生效的國際條約之二:United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea(1978年漢堡規則)

    7、未對我國生效的國際條約之三:Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading(1968年海牙-維斯比規則)

    8、國際慣例:此類案件中是否存在相關國際慣例,我國現有判例存在不同認定。

     

    (三)行政規則【國務院等行政機關的法律意志】

    1、行政法規之一:《中華人民共和國進出口商品檢驗法實施條例》(2016年修訂版)

    2、部門規章之一:《出入境檢驗檢疫機構實施檢驗檢疫的進出境商品目錄》

    3、部門規章之二:《進口商品殘損檢驗鑒定管理辦法》(2007年10月1日起施行)

    4、技術操作規程之一:《進出口商品重量鑒定規程 – 水尺計重》

    5、技術操作規程之二:《進出口商品重量鑒定規程 – 液體產品靜態計重》

    6、技術操作規程之三:《進出口商品重量鑒定規程 – 流量計計重》

    7、技術操作規程之四:《進出口商品重量鑒定規程 – 衡器鑒重》

    8、技術操作規程之五:《原油和石油產品轉運責任 – 船上貨量和余留在船上原油量的估算方法》

    9、技術操作規程之六:《進出口商品容器計重規程 – 第2部分:動植物油岸上立式金屬罐靜態計重》

     

    (四)司法規則【最高人民法院等司法機關的普遍性法律意志】

    1、司法解釋(暫無)

    2、最高人民法院指導意見之一:《全國海事法院院長座談會紀要》(2001年7月19日至20日)

    3、最高人民法院復函之一:《最高人民法院關于南京石油運輸有限公司與華泰財產保險股份有限公司石家莊分公司海上貨運運輸保險代位求償一案有關適用法律問題的請示的復函》([2005]民四他字第1-1號,2006年5月11日發布)

    4、地方法院指導意見之一:《上海市高級人民法院審理海事案件若干問題的討論紀要(一)(試行)》(滬高法[2001]286號)

     

    (五)案例規則【最高人民法院等司法機關的個案法律意志】

    1、海事指導案例(暫無)

    2、典型海事案例(暫無)

    3、公報海事案例

    3.1財保北京支公司訴銅河公司、寰宇公司海上貨物運輸合同代位求償糾紛案(《最高人民法院公報》2007年第8期)

    4、最高人民法院精選海事案例

    4.1中國人民財產保險股份有限公司北京市直屬支公司與銅河海運有限公司等海上貨物運輸合同糾紛案(賀榮主編《中國海事審判精品案例》之案例10)

    4.2中國平安財產保險股份有限公司貴州分公司與中遠散貨運輸有限公司海上貨物運輸合同糾紛案(賀榮主編《中國海事審判精品案例》之案例19)

    5、地方法院精選海事案例

    5.1海上貨物運輸合同項下貨損貨差的舉證和認定 – 德清縣新市油廠訴巴拿馬蒂哪枚克凱奧有限公司海上貨物運輸合同貨損貨差案(趙紅主編《上海海事法院三十年案例精選》案例23)

    6、最高人民法院海事案例

    6.1最高人民法院(2016)最高法民申45號民事裁定書

    6.2最高人民法院(2016)最高法民申1109號民事裁定書

    7、基礎海事案例

    7.1廣東省高級人民法院(2009)粵高法民四終字第427號民事判決書

    7.2天津市高級人民法院(2016)津民終240號民事判決書

    7.3廣州海事法院(2000)廣海法初字第79號民事判決書

    7.4大連海事法院(2003)大海商外初字第11號民事判決書

    7.5廣州海事法院(2005)廣海法初字第274號民事判決書

    7.6武漢海事法院(2005)武海法商字第183號民事判決書

    7.7廣州海事法院(2007)廣海法初字第126號民事判決書

    7.8上海海事法院(2013)滬海法商初字第1608號民事判決書

     

    (六)外國法之英國法

    1、英國判例法之一:The “Irini M” (1988) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 253

    2、英國判例法之二:The “George S” (1989) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 369

    3、英國判例法之三:The “Destro” (1927) 29 Lloyd’s Rep. 133

    關鍵詞     

    提單  貨差  法律規范系統

    摘要中所述提單項下大宗散貨短量責任十三個問題,體現于下列法律規范系統中。

    一、我國法律【全國人大及其常委會(立法機關)的法律意志】:  

    1.1海事民商法律之一:《中華人民共和國海商法》

     

    【1.1.1】第七十一條 提單,是指用以證明海上貨物運輸合同和貨物已經由承運人接收或者裝船,以及承運人保證據以交付貨物的單證。提單中載明的向記名人交付貨物,或者按照指示人的指示交付貨物,或者向提單持有人交付貨物的條款,構成承運人據以交付貨物的保證。

    【1.1.2】第七十五條 承運人或者代其簽發提單的人,知道或者有合理的根據懷疑提單記載的貨物的品名、標志、包數或者件數、重量或者體積與實際接收的貨物不符,在簽發已裝船提單的情況下懷疑與已裝船的貨物不符,或者沒有適當的方法核對提單記載的,可以在提單上批注,說明不符之處、懷疑的根據或者說明無法核對。

    【1.1.3】第七十六條 承運人或者代其簽發提單的人未在提單上批注貨物表面狀況的,視為貨物的表面狀況良好。

    【1.1.4】第七十七條 除依照本法第七十五條的規定作出保留外,承運人或者代其簽發提單的人簽發的提單,是承運人已經按照提單所載狀況收到貨物或者貨物已經裝船的初步證據;承運人向善意受讓提單的包括收貨人在內的第三人提出的與提單所載狀況不同的證據,不予承認。

    【1.1.5】第七十八條第一款 承運人同收貨人、提單持有人之間的權利、義務關系,依據提單的規定確定。

    【1.1.6】第四十六條 承運人對集裝箱裝運的貨物的責任期間,是指從裝貨港接收貨物時起至卸貨港交付貨物時止,貨物處于承運人掌管之下的全部期間。承運人對非集裝箱裝運的貨物的責任期間,是指從貨物裝上船時起至卸下船時止,貨物處于承運人掌管之下的全部期間。在承運人的責任期間,貨物發生滅失或者損壞,除本節另有規定外,承運人應當負賠償責任。

    前款規定,不影響承運人就非集裝箱裝運的貨物,在裝船前和卸船后所承擔的責任,達成任何協議。

    【1.1.7】第五十一條 在責任期間貨物發生的滅失或者損壞是由于下列原因之一造成的,承運人不負賠償責任:

    (一)船長、船員、引航員或者承運人的其他受雇人在駕駛船舶或者管理船舶中的過失;

    (二)火災,但是由于承運人本人的過失所造成的除外;

    (三)天災,海上或者其他可航水域的危險或者意外事故;

    (四)戰爭或者武裝沖突;

    (五)政府或者主管部門的行為、檢疫限制或者司法扣押;

    (六)罷工、停工或者勞動受到限制;

    (七)在海上救助或者企圖救助人命或者財產;

    (八)托運人、貨物所有人或者他們的代理人的行為;

    (九)貨物的自然特性或者固有缺陷;

    (十)貨物包裝不良或者標志欠缺、不清;

    (十一)經謹慎處理仍未發現的船舶潛在缺陷;

    (十二)非由于承運人或者承運人的受雇人、代理人的過失造成的其他原因。

    承運人依照前款規定免除賠償責任的,除第(二)項規定的原因外,應當負舉證責任。

    1.2行政法律之一:《中華人民共和國進出口商品檢驗法》(2013年修正版)

     

    【1.2.1】第三條 商檢機構和經國家商檢部門許可的檢驗機構,依法對進出口商品實施檢驗。

    【1.2.2】第四條 進出口商品檢驗應當根據保護人類健康和安全、保護動物或者植物的生命和健康、保護環境、防止欺詐行為、維護國家安全的原則,由國家商檢部門制定、調整必須實施檢驗的進出口商品目錄(以下簡稱目錄)并公布實施。

    【1.2.3】第七條 列入目錄的進出口商品,按照國家技術規范的強制性要求進行檢驗;尚未制定國家技術規范的強制性要求的,應當依法及時制定,未制定之前,可以參照國家商檢部門指定的國外有關標準進行檢驗。

    【1.2.4】第十二條 本法規定必須經商檢機構檢驗的進口商品的收貨人或者其代理人,應當在商檢機構規定的地點和期限內,接受商檢機構對進口商品的檢驗。商檢機構應當在國家商檢部門統一規定的期限內檢驗完畢,并出具檢驗證單。

    【1.2.5】第十三條 本法規定必須經商檢機構檢驗的進口商品以外的進口商品的收貨人,發現進口商品質量不合格或者殘損短缺,需要由商檢機構出證索賠的,應當向商檢機構申請檢驗出證。

    二、國際法【成員國共同的法律意志】:    

    2.1已對我國生效的海事國際條約之一:《1974年國際海上人命安全公約》(SOLAS)

     

    該國際條約本身對此問題無直接規定,相關規定體現于其附件中。

     

    2.2對我國生效的國際規則之一:SOLAS附件之一:國際谷物規則(IGC)

    (備注:根據具體案件及貨物品名查閱)

     

    2.3對我國生效的國際規則之二:SOLAS附件之二:國際海運固體散貨規則(IMSBC)

    (備注:根據具體案件及貨物品名查閱)

     

    2.4對我國生效的國際規則之三:SOLAS附件之三:國際海運危險貨物規則(IMDG)

    (備注:根據具體案件及貨物品名查閱)

     

    2.5未對我國生效的國際條約之一:United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea(2008年鹿特丹規則)

    Chapter 4

    Obligations of the Carrier

    Article 11

    Carriage and delivery of the goods

    The carrier shall, subject to this Convention and in accordance with the terms of the contract of carriage, carry the goods to the place of destination and deliver them to the consignee.

    Article 12

    Period of responsibility of the carrier

    1.The period of responsibility of the carrier for the goods under this Convention begins when the carrier or a performing party receives the goods for carriage and ends when the goods are delivered.

    2.(a)If the law or regulations of the place of receipt require the goods to be handed over to an authority or other third party from which the carrier may collect them, the period of responsibility of the carrier begins when the carrier collects the goods from the authority or other third party.

    (b)If the law or regulations of the place of delivery require the carrier to hand over the goods to an authority or other third party from which the consignee may collect them, the period of responsibility of the carrier ends when the carrier hands the goods over to the authority or other third party.

    3.For the purpose of determining the carrier’s period of responsibility, the parties may agree on the time and location of receipt and delivery of the goods, but a provision in a contract of carriage is void to the extent that it provides that:

    (a)  The time of receipt of the goods is subsequent to the beginning of their initial loading under the contract of carriage; or

    (b)The time of delivery of the goods is prior to the completion of their final unloading under the contract of carriage.

    Article 13

    Specific obligations

    1.The carrier shall during the period of its responsibility as defined in article 12, and subject to article 26, properly and carefully receive, load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, unload and deliver the goods.

    2.Notwithstanding paragraph 1 of this article, and without prejudice to the other provisions in chapter 4 and to chapters 5 to 7, the carrier and the shipper may agree that the loading, handling, stowing or unloading of the goods is to be performed by the shipper, the documentary shipper or the consignee. Such an agreement shall be referred to in the contract particulars.

    Article 14

    Specific obligations applicable to the voyage by sea

    The carrier is bound before, at the beginning of, and during the voyage by sea to exercise due diligence to:

    (a)Make and keep the ship seaworthy;

    (b)Properly crew, equip and supply the ship and keep the ship so crewed, equipped and supplied throughout the voyage; and

    (c)Make and keep the holds and all other parts of the ship in which the goods are carried, and any containers supplied by the carrier in or upon which the goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.

     

    Chapter 5

    Liability of the carrier for loss, damage or delay

     Article 17

    Basis of liability

    1.The carrier is liable for loss of or damage to the goods, as well as for delay in delivery, if the claimant proves that the loss, damage, or delay, or the event or circumstance that caused or contributed to it took place during the period of the carrier’s responsibility as defined in chapter 4.

    2.The carrier is relieved of all or part of its liability pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article if it proves that the cause or one of the causes of the loss, damage, or delay is not attributable to its fault or to the fault of any person referred to in article 18.

    3.The carrier is also relieved of all or part of its liability pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article if, alternatively to proving the absence of fault as provided in paragraph 2 of this article, it proves that one or more of the following events or circumstances caused or contributed to the loss, damage, or delay:

     created by governments, public authorities, rulers, or people including detention, arrest, or seizure not attributable to the carrier or any person referred to in article 18;

    (e)Strikes, lockouts, stoppages, or restraints of labour;

    (f)Fire on the ship;

    (g)Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;

    (h)Act or omission of the shipper, the documentary shipper, the controlling party, or any other person for whose acts the shipper or the documentary shipper is liable pursuant to article 33 or 34;

    (i)Loading, handling, stowing, or unloading of the goods performed pursuant to an agreement in accordance with article 13, paragraph 2, unless the carrier or a performing party performs such activity on behalf of the shipper, the documentary shipper or the consignee;

    (j)Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality, or vice of the goods;

    (k)Insufficiency or defective condition of packing or marking not performed by or on behalf of the carrier;

    (l)Saving or attempting to save life at sea;

    (m)Reasonable measures to save or attempt to save property at sea;

    (n)Reasonable measures to avoid or attempt to avoid damage to the environment; or

    (o)Acts of the carrier in pursuance of the powers conferred by articles 15 and 16.

    4.Notwithstanding paragraph 3 of this article, the carrier is liable for all or part of the loss, damage, or delay:  

    (a)  If the claimant proves that the fault of the carrier or of a person referred to in article 18 caused or contributed to the event or circumstance on which the carrier relies; or

    (b)  If the claimant proves that an event or circumstance not listed in paragraph 3 of this article contributed to the loss, damage, or delay, and the carrier cannot prove that this event or circumstance is not attributable to its fault or to the fault of any person referred to in article 18.

    5.The carrier is also liable, notwithstanding paragraph 3 of this article, for all or part of the loss, damage, or delay if:

    (a)The claimant proves that the loss, damage, or delay was or was probably caused by or contributed to by (i) the unseaworthiness of the ship; (ii) the improper crewing, equipping, and supplying of the ship; or (iii) the fact that the holds or other parts of the ship in which the goods are carried, or any containers supplied by the carrier in or upon which the goods are carried, were not fit and safe for reception, carriage, and preservation of the goods; and

    (b)The carrier is unable to prove either that: (i) none of the events or circumstances referred to in subparagraph 5 (a) of this article caused the loss, damage, or delay; or (ii) it complied with its obligation to exercise due diligence pursuant to article 14.

    6.When the carrier is relieved of part of its liability pursuant to this article, the carrier is liable only for that part of the loss, damage or delay that is attributable to the event or circumstance for which it is liable pursuant to this article.

    2.6未對我國生效的國際條約之二:United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea(1978年漢堡規則)

     

    Article 4.  Period of responsibility

    1. The responsibility of the carrier for the goods under this Convention covers the period during which the carrier is in charge of the goods at the port of loading, during the carriage and at the port of discharge.

    2. For the purpose of paragraph 1 of this article, the carrier is deemed to be in charge of the goods

    (a) from the time he has taken over the goods from:

    (i) the shipper, or a person acting on his behalf; or

    (ii) an authority or other third party to whom, pursuant to law or regulations applicable at the port of loading, the goods must be handed over for shipment;

    (b) until the time he has delivered the goods:

    (i) by handing over the goods to the consignee; or

    (ii) in cases where the consignee does not receive the goods from the carrier, by placing them at the disposal of the consignee in accordance with the contract or with the law or with the usage of the particular trade, applicable at the port of discharge; or

    (iii) by handing over the goods to an authority or other third party to whom, pursuant to law or regulations applicable at the port of discharge, the goods must be handed over.

    3. In paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article, reference to the carrier or to the consignee means, in addition to the carrier or the consignee, the servants or agents, respectively of the carrier or the consignee.

    Article 5. Basis of liability

    1. The carrier is liable for loss resulting from loss of or damage to the goods, as well as from delay in delivery, if the occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay took place while the goods were in his charge as defined in article 4, unless the carrier proves that he, his servants or agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its consequences.

    7. Where fault or neglect on the part of the carrier, his servants or agents combines with another cause to produce loss, damage or delay in delivery, the carrier is liable only to the extent that the loss, damage or delay in delivery is attributable to such fault or neglect, provided that the carrier proves the amount of the loss, damage or delay in delivery not attributable thereto.

    2.7未對我國生效的國際條約之三:Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading(1968年海牙-維斯比規則)

    Article III

    Responsibilities and Liabilities

    1. The carrier shall be bound, before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exercise due diligence to

    (a) make the ship seaworthy;

    (b) properly man, equip and supply the ship;

    (c) make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.

    2. Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried.

    3. After receiving the goods into his charge, the carrier, or the master or agent of the carrier, shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things

    (a) the leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which such goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage;

    (b) either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper;

    (c) the apparent order and condition of the goods:

    Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received or which he has had no reasonable means of checking.

    4. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraphs 3(a), (b) and (c).

    However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party acting in good faith.

    Article IV

    Rights and Immunities

    1. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy, and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article III.

    Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness, the burden of proving the exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption under this article.

    2. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from

    (a) act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship;

    (b) fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier;

    (c) perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters;

    (d) act of God;

    (e) act of war;

    (f) act of public enemies;

    (g) arrest or restraint of princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process;

    (h) quarantine restrictions;

    (i) act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or representative;

    (j) strikes or lock-outs or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or general;

    (k) riots and civil commotions;

    (l) saving or attempting to save life or property at sea;

    (m) wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods;

    (n) insufficiency of packing;

    (o) insufficiency or inadequacy of marks;

    (p) latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;

    (q) any other cause arising without the actual fault and privity of the carrier, or without the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.

    2.8國際慣例:此類案件中是否存在相關國際慣例,我國現有判例存在不同認定。

    三、行政規則【國務院等行政機關的法律意志】    

    3.1行政法規之一:《中華人民共和國進出口商品檢驗法實施條例》(2016年修訂版)

    【3.1.1】第四條第一款 出入境檢驗檢疫機構對列入目錄的進出口商品以及法律、行政法規規定須經出入境檢驗檢疫機構檢驗的其他進出口商品實施檢驗(以下稱法定檢驗)。

    【3.1.2】第七條第一款和第二款 法定檢驗的進出口商品,由出入境檢驗檢疫機構依照商檢法第七條規定實施檢驗。

    國家質檢總局根據進出口商品檢驗工作的實際需要和國際標準,可以制定進出口商品檢驗方法的技術規范和標準。

    【3.1.3】第九條 出入境檢驗檢疫機構對進出口商品實施檢驗的內容,包括是否符合安全、衛生、健康、環境保護、防止欺詐等要求以及相關的品質、數量、重量等項目。

    【3.1.4】第十六條第一款 法定檢驗的進口商品的收貨人應當持合同、發票、裝箱單、提單等必要的憑證和相關批準文件,向海關報關地的出入境檢驗檢疫機構報檢;海關放行后20日內,收貨人應當依照本條例第十八條的規定,向出入境檢驗檢疫機構申請檢驗。法定檢驗的進口商品未經檢驗的,不準銷售,不準使用。

    【3.1.5】第二十條第三款 法定檢驗以外的進口商品的收貨人,發現進口商品質量不合格或者殘損、短缺,申請出證的,出入境檢驗檢疫機構或者其他檢驗機構應當在檢驗后及時出證。

     

    3.2部門規章之一:《出入境檢驗檢疫機構實施檢驗檢疫的進出境商品目錄》

    (備注:需按個案貨物具體名稱查詢)

     

    3.3部門規章之二:《進口商品殘損檢驗鑒定管理辦法》(2007年10月1日起施行)

    【3.3.1】第五條  檢驗檢疫機構根據需要對有殘損的下列進口商品實施殘損檢驗鑒定:

    (一)列入檢驗檢疫機構必須實施檢驗檢疫的進出境商品目錄內的進口商品;

    (二)法定檢驗以外的進口商品的收貨人或者其他貿易關系人,發現進口商品質量不合格或者殘損、短缺,申請出證的;

    (三)進口的危險品、廢舊物品;

    (四)實行驗證管理、配額管理,并需由檢驗檢疫機構檢驗的進口商品;

    (五)涉嫌有欺詐行為的進口商品;

    (六)收貨人或者其他貿易關系人需要檢驗檢疫機構出證索賠的進口商品;

    (七)雙邊、多邊協議協定、國際條約規定,或國際組織委托、指定的進口商品;

    (八)相關法律、行政法規規定須經檢驗檢疫機構檢驗的其他進口商品。

    【3.3.2】第十三條 檢驗檢疫機構按國家技術規范的強制性要求實施殘損檢驗鑒定。尚未制訂規范、標準的可以參照國外有關技術規范、標準檢驗。

     

    3.4技術操作規程之一:《進出口商品重量鑒定規程 – 水尺計重》

     

    3.5技術操作規程之二:《進出口商品重量鑒定規程 – 液體產品靜態計重》

     

    3.6技術操作規程之三:《進出口商品重量鑒定規程 – 流量計計重》

     

    3.7技術操作規程之四:《進出口商品重量鑒定規程 – 衡器鑒重》

     

    3.8技術操作規程之五:《原油和石油產品轉運責任 – 船上貨量和余留在船上原油量的估算方法》

     

    3.9技術操作規程之六:《進出口商品容器計重規程 – 第2部分:動植物油岸上立式金屬罐靜態計重》

    四、司法規則【最高人民法院等司法機關的普遍性法律意志】:    

    4.1海事司法解釋(暫無)

     

    4.2最高人民法院指導意見之一:《全國海事法院院長座談會紀要》(2001年7月19日至20日)

    三、關于海上貨物運輸中承運人的認定及責任

    海商法第四十二條規定了海上貨物運輸中承運人的定義,并規定提單是運輸合同的證明。在提單作為惟一運輸單證時,若提單沒有抬頭,除非簽發人能證明代簽的事實,否則應當以提單簽發人作為承運人。

    在審理海上貨物運輸糾紛案件中,要嚴格依照海商法和《中華人民共和國民法通則》(以下簡稱“民法通則”)的規定確定承運人的責任,并準確把握海商法作為特別法與民法通則在法律適用上的關系。在認定承運人倒簽、預借提單的事實后,承運人應承擔與其違反法律規定的行為有直接因果關系的損害后果。

    在海上貨物運輸特別是大宗散裝貨物的運輸糾紛案件中,根據海商法的規定,由于貨物本身的質量或者潛在缺陷造成的貨損和屬于正常范圍內的貨物減量、耗損或重量誤差,承運人不承擔賠償責任。

    一般情況下,合法持有正本提單的人向承運人主張無單放貨損失賠償的,應定性為違約糾紛,承運人應當承擔與無單放貨行為有直接因果關系的損失賠償責任。

    4.3最高人民法院復函之一:《最高人民法院關于南京石油運輸有限公司與華泰財產保險股份有限公司石家莊分公司海上貨運運輸保險代位求償一案有關適用法律問題的請示的復函》([2005]民四他字第1-1號,2006年5月11日發布)

     

    天津市高級人民法院:

    你院經高法[2005]170號《關于南京石油運輸有限公司與華泰財產保險股份有限公司石家莊分公司海上貨運運輸保險代位求償一案有關適用法律問題的請示》收悉。經研究,答復如下:

    1、關于承運人對散裝液體貨物運輸責任期間的認定。我國《海商法》第46條規定,承運人對于非集裝箱裝運的貨物責任期間是從貨物裝上船時起至卸下船時止,貨物處于承運人掌管之下的全部期間。由于散裝液體貨物在形態上不同于其他散裝貨物,因此,承運人對于散裝液體貨物運輸的責任期間,應自裝貨港船舶輸油管線與岸罐輸油管線連接的法蘭盤末端時起至卸貨港船舶輸油管線與岸罐輸油管線連接的法蘭盤末端時止,貨物處于承運人掌管之下的全部期間。

    2、關于對散裝液體貨物交貨數量證據效力的認定。在收貨人未能提供有效證據證明貨物短少發生在承運人責任期間的情況下,承運人提供的船舶干艙證書、空距報告,具有證明散裝液體貨物交貨數量的效力。收貨人提供的岸罐重量檢驗證書,除非經承運人同意,否則不具有證明散裝液體貨物交貨數量的效力。

    此復。

     

    附:天津市高級人民法院關于南京石油運輸有限公司與華泰財產保險股份有限公司石家莊分公司海上貨物運輸保險代位求償一案有關適用法律問題的請示報告(2005年9月15日 津高法[2005]170號)(略)

    4.4地方法院海事規范文件之一:《上海市高級人民法院審理海事案件若干問題的討論紀要(一)(試行)》(滬高法[2001]286號)

     

    三、關于大宗散貨運輸、裝卸、計量的合理允耗、允差問題

    (一)運輸、裝卸合理允耗的確定

    當事人對運輸、裝卸合理允耗的標準有約定的從其約定,沒有約定的,按以下原則認定:

    1、交通部等國家相關部門已確定合理允耗標準的大宗散貨,如煤炭,應按照標準認定合理允耗。

    2、交通部等國家相關部門沒有確定合理允耗標準的大宗散貨,如鐵礦,可參照我國參加的《國際鐵路貨物聯運協定》規定的標準認定合理允耗。

    3、貨物在運輸過程中多次中轉換裝的,按中轉換裝的次數,增加相應合理允耗。

    4、運輸、裝卸大宗散貨的合理允耗確定后,不再扣減貨物在運輸過程中因水分蒸發而產生的減量數額。

    (二)計量合理允差的確定

    1、參照國際慣例,大宗散貨在運輸交接過程中的計量允差通常可確定為0.5%,(汽油5‰,柴油3‰,袋裝3‰,水尺5‰)。

    2、國內沿海運輸亦可參照適用上述標準。

    3、大宗散貨計量合理允差,應與運輸、裝卸的合理允耗分別計算。

    • 地址:廣州市珠江新城珠江東路6號廣州周大福金融中心14層、15層

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